Foreword
Dam aging is a growing concern, as the number of older dams in the world is increasing and the average age of dams is increasing. The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) recognized this and, in 1994, published Bulletin 93, Ageing of Dams and Appurtenant Works - Review and Recommendations. The ICOLD Committee on Dam Ageing prepared Bulletin 93.
This USSD publication is intended to supplement ICOLD Bulletin 93 by focusing on the aging of dam foundations. The publication was prepared by the USSD Committee on Foundations, chaired by Richard A. Millet, URS Corporation, Denver, Colorado. The following committee members contributed to the report:
Richard W. Humphries, Golder Associates, Atlanta, Georgia; Jerry S. Dodd, Consulting Geologist, Masonville, Colorado; J. Lawrence Von Thun, Consulting Civil Engineer, Denver, Colorado; and Daniel L. Johnson, URS Corporation, Denver, Colorado.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROCESS OF AGING
2.1 General
2.2 Physical Processes
2.3 Chemical Processes
2.4 Human and Biotic Activities
2.5 Aging Processes Affecting Engineering Materials in the Ground
2.5.1 Portland Cement and Its Concrete
2.5.2 Iron and Steel
2.5.3 Wood
3. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARIOUS FOUNDATION CONDITIONS TO AGING
3.1 General
3.2 Mechanical Processes
3.2.1 Indurated Material (Rock)
3.2.2 Particulates (Soil)
3.3 Chemical Processes
4. EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FOUNDATIONS DUE TO AGING
4.1 General
4.2 Effects of Aging on Stability
4.3 Effects of Aging on Subsurface (Foundation) Hydrology
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Subsurface (Mechanical) Erosion (Piping)
4.3.3 Solutioning
4.3.4 Drainage Plugging
4.3.5 Deterioration of Constructed Seepage Control Measures
4.3.6 Desiccation
4.3.7 Extreme Loading
4.3.8 Biota Impacts
4.4 Effects of Aging on Foundation Deformability
4.4.1 Foundations on Rock
4.4.2 Foundations on Soil
5. MONITORING AND INVESTIGATIONS TO EVALUATE AGING
6. SUMMARY
7. REFERENCES
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